2003年南京师范大学英语语言学考研复试真题
一、判断
Passage one:
The study of how we do things with
sentence is the study of speech acts. In studying speech acts, we are acutely
aware of the importance of the context of utterance. In some circumstances
There is a sheepdog in the closet is a warning, but the same sentence may be a
promise or even a mere statement of fact, depending on circumstances. We call
this purpose----a warning, a promise, a threat, or whatever----the
illocutionary force of a speech act.
Speech act theory aims to tell us
when we appear to ask questions but are really giving orders, or when we say
one thing with special (sarcastic) intonation and mean the opposite. Thus, at a
dinner table, the question Can you pass the salt? means the order Pass the
salt! It is not a request for information, and yes is an inappropriate
response.
1. Illocutionary
acts are special case of speech acts, referring to the speaker’s intention in
uttering something.
2. Because
the illocutionary force of a speech act depends on the context of the
utterance, speech act theory is a part of pragmatics.
3. In
most cases, the illocutionary force of “Look out!” is a suggestion.
4. The
speech act theory originated with the British philosophy John Austin in the
late 70’s. 5.Billy and Joe were long-time pals. One time Billy was in desperate
need of money. His car had broken down and he needed $300 to fix it. So, he
asked Joe for a load. Joe said he could lend Billy the money. This made Billy happy and he
said to Joe;
(a) “You are a terrible friend.” It is non-sarcastic answer.
(b) “You are a fine friend.” It is a sarcastic one.
Passage two
Inflectional is a term used in
Morphology to refer to one of the two main categories or processes of sword
formation, the other being derivational. These terms also apply to the two types
of affix involved in word formation. Inflectional affixes signal grammatical
relationships, such as plural, past tense and possession, and do not change the
grammatical class of the stems t which they are attached; that is, the words
constitute a single paradigm, e.g. walk, walks, walked. A word is said to
“inflect for past tense, plural, etc. In traditional (pre-linguistic)
grammatical studies, the term “accidence” was used in this sense.
In the phrase inflecting language
(“inflectional” or “inflected” language), the term refers to a type of language
established by comparative linguistics using structural (as opposed to
diachronic) criteria, and focusing on the characteristics of the word. In this
kind of language, words display grammatical relationships morphologically: they
typically contain more than one morpheme but, unlike agglutinative languages,
there is no one-to-one correspondence between these morphemes and the linear
sequence of morphs. In languages such as Latin, Greek, Arabic etc. the inflectional
forms of words may represent several morphological oppositions, e.g. in Latin
amo(I love), the form simultaneously represents present tense, active, first
person singular, indicative. This
“fusing” of properties has led to such languages being called fusional and had
motivated the word-and-a model of
analysis. As always in such classifications, the categories are not clear-cut:
different languages will display the characteristic of inflection to a greater
or lesser degree.
1.A language in which nouns have
inflectional properties is an inflectional language.
2.The affix “un-” or “dis-” is an
inflectional affix.
3. The
agglutinative language is a language that typically expresses concepts in
complex words consisting of many elements, rather than by inflection or by
using isolated elements.
4. Many
English adjectives have inflectional properties. 5.The Chinese language is an
agglutinative language.
Passage three
Each tongue draws a circle about
the people whom it belongs, and it is possible to leave this circle only by
simultaneously entering that of another people. Learning a foreign language
ought hence to be the conquest of a new standpoint in the previously prevailing
cosmic attitude of the individual. In fact, it is so to a certain extent,
inasmuch as every language contains the entire fabric of concepts and the
conceptual approach of a portion of humanity. But this achievement is not
complete, because one always carries over into a foreign tongue to a greater or
lesser degree one’s own cosmic viewpoint—indeed one’s personal linguistic
pattern.
1. This
passage mainly discusses the relationship between one’s personal linguistic
pattern and a foreign language.
2. According
to the author of this passage, language is a powerful instrument that allows us
to make sense of the world.
3. This
passage reveals the fact that one’s own cosmic viewpoint determines linguistic
orientation. 4.The author of this passage seems to believe that language and
the world outlook are two sides of the coin.
5.The author of this passage seems
to advocate that one’s language presupposes one’s way of thinking.
二、问答
1. Give
examples to illustrate several different approaches to meaning.
2. Why
do we need two principles of conversation, i.e. the cooperative principle and
the politeness principle?
3. What
does it mean that a linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks
ought to be said?
4. What
is the advantage of IC analysis? Take “Drive the car near the station” as an
example. 5.Describe briefly the social differences in the use of language among
speakers of the Chinese language.
三、评论
State clearly the
interrelationship between language and cognition, giving theoretical analysis
as well as empirical illustration.